https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/152 2026-07-17T03:46:28Z 2026-07-17T03:46:28Z Chikanbanjar, Milan https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/161 2024-08-10T10:39:56Z 2018-08-01T00:00:00Z

Title: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN NON-LINEAR WAVELET BASED IMAGE DENOISING TECHNIQUES Authors: Chikanbanjar, Milan Abstract: Digital images have been a major form of transmission of visual information, but due to the presence of noise, the image gets corrupted. Thus, processing of the received image needs to be done before being used in an application. Denoising of image involves data manipulation to remove noise in order to produce a good quality image retaining different details. Quantitative measures have been used to show the improvement in the quality of the restored image by the use of various thresholding techniques by the use of parameters mainly, MSE (Mean Square Error), PSNR (Peak-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio) and SSIM (Structural Similarity index). Here, non linear wavelet transform denoising techniques of natural images are studied, analyzed and compared using thresholding techniques such as soft, hard, semi-soft, LevelShrink, SUREShrink, VisuShrink and BayesShrink. On most of the tests, PSNR and SSIM values for LevelShrink Hard thresholding method is higher as compared to other thresholding methods. For instance, from tests PSNR and SSIM values of lena image for VISUShrink Hard, VISUShrink Soft, VISUShrink Semi Soft, LevelShrink Hard, LevelShrink Soft, LevelShrink Semi Soft, SUREShrink, BayesShrink thresholding methods at the variance of 10 are 23.82, 16.51, 23.25, 24.48, 23.25, 20.67, 23.42, 23.14 and 0.28, 0.28, 0.28, 0.29, 0.22, 0.25, 0.16 respectively which shows that the PSNR and SSIM values for LevelShrink Hard thresholding method is higher as compared to other thresholding methods, and so on. Thus, it can be stated that the performance of LevelShrink Hard thresholding method is better on most of tests.

2018-08-01T00:00:00Z Phaiju, Saroj Pradhan, Prachand Man https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/160 2024-08-10T10:39:55Z 2018-08-01T00:00:00Z

Title: EXPERIMENTAL WORK FOR MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BRICK AND MASONRY PANEL Authors: Phaiju, Saroj; Pradhan, Prachand Man Abstract: The use of Masonry panels in building construction has been popular in most of the parts of the world. However, the use of bricks and brick masonry in different parts of the world being of different nature in terms of quality, size, workmanship of construction, etc. It is yet a topic of interest to researchers to identify the mechanical properties, like Young’s modulus of elasticity and shear modulus of brick masonry panels. It is essential to know the characteristic of brick masonry panels in order to evaluate the responses of masonry walls for any kind of loading. Individual bricks do possess better compressive capacity as compared to masonry walls. Masonry walls are bound together with either mud mortar or by cement sand mortars of various mixes as per the strength requirements. The essential strength properties in engineering are basically the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard is the most popular for testing bricks and brick masonry for these properties so far. Here, the study has been concentrated in finding the compressive strength of brick, mortar and brick masonry. The study is also done for Young’s modulus of elasticity of brick as well as that of masonry wall. Similarly, the study is extended to find the modulus of rigidity of brick masonry panel. The study is done experimentally for the samples that are generally used in Kathmandu, Nepal. The samples include bricks, cement and sand particularly available in Kathmandu region.

2018-08-01T00:00:00Z Ganesh, Razim Koju, Rebika Prajapati, Raja Ram https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/159 2024-08-10T10:39:54Z 2018-08-01T00:00:00Z

Title: ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND WATER TABLE MAPPING OF BHAKTAPUR MUNICIPALITY Authors: Ganesh, Razim; Koju, Rebika; Prajapati, Raja Ram Abstract: Water is necessary for all life on earth. Every living creature on the Earth depends on water for their survival; however the supply of water on Earth is limited. Groundwater, the important source of water supply to many people around the world, is accessed through stone spouts, springs, dug wells and infiltration galleries in and around Kathmandu Valley since ancient time. The extraction of groundwater in Kathmandu Valley is increasing day by day due to increase in population, haphazard urbanization and unplanned industrialization. Drinking water quality and quantity is one of the major issues which need to be taken seriously, since clean water and sanitation are human rights and essential to life. The present study aims to prepare water table map and groundwater quality map from unconfined aquifer of Bhaktapur Municipality. Geographic Information System (GIS) based groundwater table mapping for 472 samples were used. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method was used for 86 samples for spatial interpolation of chemical indices. Surface maps are prepared for water quality parameters (pH, turbidity, conductivity, TDS, total hardness, iron, ammonia, nitrate, chloride, alkalinity and E-coli) in the GIS Software by interpolation between the available data. Water table elevation map shows that groundwater levels are shallow at wells located close to agricultural field. From the water quality mapping of the Bhaktapur Municipality, it is seen that the most of the water quality parameters are within the maximum permissible limit set by WHO and NDWQS. It is noted that quality of ground water in the study area exceeds Nepal drinking water quality standards on the basis of measured values of chloride, ammonia and nitrate in majority of wells. High concentration of chloride, ammonia and nitrate were found in most of water samples from the central part and in around the periphery of the municipality boundary, which may be due to infiltration of agricultural runoff and leaching of sewage pollutants.

2018-08-01T00:00:00Z Suwal, Gajendra Bhakta https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/158 2024-08-10T10:39:54Z 2018-08-01T00:00:00Z

Title: IMPACT OF BRICK KILNS' EMISSION ON SOIL QUALITY OF AGRICULTURE FIELDS IN THE VICINITY OF SELECTED BHAKTAPUR AREA Authors: Suwal, Gajendra Bhakta Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of brick kilns' on different physiochemical parameters of soils of agricultural field, located in the vicinity of Bhaktapur. The study was carried out by measuring the pH value and the micro nutrients of the soil. During the entire study period, the pH of soil near brick kiln was measured to be 5.5 and as distance increased the pH of soil was recorded up to 6.9 which mean the soil was acidic near the kiln and was neutral farther away. The findings revealed that the pH value was high and nutrient content were deficient in soil at 50 m while increasing gradually at distances of 100 m and 150 m it was found opposite of it. It signifies that the quality of soil increases proportionally to the distance from the brick kiln area. Similarly, the micro nutrients like organic matter are also increased with increasing distance.

2018-08-01T00:00:00Z