https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/464 2026-07-17T04:30:09Z 2026-07-17T04:30:09Z Sainju, Ashok Krishna https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/522 2024-08-10T10:48:42Z 2022-02-01T00:00:00Z

Title: TRANSFORMATION OF A HISTORIC RIVERFRONT: TOWN OF PANAUTI Authors: Sainju, Ashok Krishna Abstract: A historic process of adaptation to the ever-changing needs of the time is the transformation of a settlement’s-built environment. The town of Panauti, which dates back to the 13th century, has an air of having been overlooked by time. Due to its location on the same rock, it is frequently referred to as a city that is not affected by earthquakes. The thesis focuses on identifying Panauti's historical context, current state of historical riverfront, and the factors that led to its transformation. The paper describes the process of transformation in depth from historical, sociocultural, and physical perspectives. This also shows how new construction has affected the neighborhood and the historic town. The study's objectives are to ascertain how the area's function has changed, to ascertain the current state of Panauti's historic riverfront through a study of its current urban landscapes and its effects on Panauti's traditional, cultural, social, and economic life, and to suggest some urban redevelopment strategies to lessen their detrimental environmental effects and open up new opportunities for the city's core. These days, the values of the community have changed in addition to the settlement's morphology in Panauti. Few locals who are still living there are even moving elsewhere as the area is in decline. During festivals, the area has become a deserted settlement with few people present. At the same time, homes are being constructed along the new settlement nearby buspark area leading from Panauti to the new community, leaving the old town deserted and quiet. The research methods adopted are site selection, problem identification, formulation of objectives, literature review, data collection, questionnaire survey, physical observation, photographs as data, mapping and the secondary data collection such as base maps, cadastral maps and aerial photos have been collected through related institutions and personnel. Aerial photographs and the CBS data will be used to identify the change pattern in spatial physical and social boundary. The study's primary focus will be on the factors that contributed to Panauti's historic settlement and riverfront's transformation between 1976 and 2022. The stretch includes a range of areas, including cultural ghats, monuments, and undeveloped terrain, and it represents the full river stretch in the historic town of Panauti. To achieve the riverfront revitalization, a concept and few strategies are offered as recommendations, which will help to understand the potential outcomes for Panauti after the riverfront revitalization.

2022-02-01T00:00:00Z Bhasima, Melina https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/521 2024-08-10T10:48:38Z 2022-09-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Rethinking Urban Riverfront] A Study of Hanumante river Authors: Bhasima, Melina Abstract: Rivers are a vital component of any city, and their consideration in urban design is crucial. Urban river and river fronts are being encroached by private and public. The use of river has been totally altered, narrowed and polluted. The change in nature of the river and river edges has created the gap of interaction between the river and people. The accessibility to the river is very rare due to the vehicular corridor road and fencing. The current situation in most urban rivers in the basin highlights several concerns. The primary objective of this study is to present the condition of the current riverfront trends in national and international practice and set design guidelines for the Hanumante riverfront. The study also reveals the impact of the river corridor roads in the environment, river and people. The direct impact on sociocultural activities is also shown through mappings. The rapid urbanization of the city has adversely affected the river with various forms of encroachment in the flood plain, becoming a major issue for the city authority. This phenomenon has led to the detachment of the city from the river and gave rise to the urban flooding. In view of this series of the satellite maps, the changing scenario of the built environment and public open space is the serious issue for the environment and flood. The study provides a set of planning and design principles that will allow communities to reclaim urban river edges in the most ecologically sound and economically viable manner. This study would also guide planners, mayors, public works departments, environmental officials, river advocates, and the general public in their search for effective riverfront restoration covering key topics related to human interaction with rivers and providing a set of essential strategies to help communities to achieve more with their riverfront revitalization efforts. The purpose of this work is to create a framework that facilitates the comprehension of river public spaces and may guide to an adequate planning and management of the riverside recreational spaces.

2022-09-01T00:00:00Z Dumaru, Reshma https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/520 2024-08-10T10:48:36Z 2022-09-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Historic Town Bhaktapur Study on Walkability Authors: Dumaru, Reshma Abstract: Walking is known as sustainable types of transportation. The effectiveness of “walkability” in traditional urban spaces and analyze the relationship between walking safe and secure environment. The traditional town like Bhaktapur was never designed for motorized vehicles. The town was designed for daily activities of the people in human scale. The narrow streets leading towards the large urban space has its different character and identity. The historic town consists of Public Square, Monuments, urban facilities like pati, sattal, dhungedhara, hierarchy of streets and settlements in Mandala form which is identity of the town. The jatras and festivals celebrated in the streets and urban space. The historic core area of Kathmandu valley was designed of pedestrian friendly but with the urbanization the walking environment of historic core area decreases. The change of people’s lifestyle, changing in economy and change in social and religious belief, the Bhaktapur historic town moves towards modernization for different facilities and Public amenities. As a result, the streets once full of pedestrian is now full of vehicular traffic. The urban spaces used for cultural programs, festivals and dances are now use as a parking area for the locals as well as visitors. This research aims and objectives is to study the change of street life and its impact on urban space of the whole city and to analyze the movement of vehicles and pedestrian and analyze issues and problems regarding vehicular movement in Bhaktapur core area. The research targets to solution oriented study and to make the city walkable again. The study includes the required literature studies and national and international case studies on pedestranization. The method of data collection consists of different sources- Primary and Secondary data. The methodology includes observation, interview, Questionnaire, Survey analysis of local residents, visitors as well as retail shopkeeper as a respondents. The data collection also includes maps, drawings and images. The study is carried out in the main street of Bhaktapur known as Bazar line. It not only includes street but also it includes the urban space of the city. The research includes the plans of making city walkable by addressing the challenges and issues and implementing effective plan and policies.

2022-09-01T00:00:00Z Shilpakar, Neeru https://elibrary.khec.edu.np/handle/123456789/519 2024-08-10T10:48:33Z 2022-02-01T00:00:00Z

Title: A STUDY OF TRANSFORMATION OF SUKULDHOKA, SAKOTHA, TRIPURASUNDARI IN BHAKTAPUR Authors: Shilpakar, Neeru Abstract: Transformation is a common occurrence in the city as a process of the continuous alteration on the different aspects namely physical, socio-cultural, socio-economic, cultural and religious. The development process in the urban form tends to change the city identify, as a result in which certain forces responsible for the transformation of urban form as the change in social structure and commercialization. The urban transformation of city occurred with establishment of different infrastructure at different time period. At the historical core area, the urban form transformation has also seen within the existing physical structure. The study area Sukuldhoka, Sakotha and Tripurasndari is at center of Bhaktapur, located at the main access route and this lane route as the part of Pradakshina Marga, jatra route. The study of the transformation of Sukuldhoka, Sakotha and Tripurasndari area is on the replacement of the historical traditional buildings by the modern buildings, usage of the space and the development of new commercial activities. The main objective of the research is to find the transformation of the urban fabric of the study area, its causes and impacts. For the study, a questionnaire survey, interview and observation was done on the area of 131 houses at Sukuldhoka square, along the street lane from Sukukdhoka-Sakotha, Sakotha –Balakhu, Balakhu-Tripurasundari-Sukuldhoka. And the commercial activities in the houses in the study area are also studied. Conclusion drawn for the urban form transformation is the increase in commercial activities and lifestyle of people. The current socio-economic trends have affected traditional system, as family size grew up they need more and more space as the growth of nuclear families over traditional joint family system leading to division of single family house among its family members. The main reason behind the decline of the old traditional buildings is not having the spaces as per the current requirements. The traditional building with inadequate rooms and size, so as an option residents move to the modern buildings outside the city core or the demolish it and convert with the modern concrete structures modifying as per their present demand and needs. But they hesitated to construct traditional load bearing buildings and prefer RCC frame structure as these are cost effective, easily availability of materials and workmanship, less wall thickness increasing usable space. The major factor for reduce of residence is the insufficient spaces with present requirement, family structure and property division. V The study also concerned with spatial characteristics defined by height, volume, scale and symmetry of street elevations. As observed on site, the spatial planning is still maintained to some extent but the height of buildings enclosing urban space is increasing vertically. Monuments and public buildings have maintained the original skylines and volumetric character, but for private buildings, it is opposite. The dominant buildings of modern and mix styles are mostly built against bylaws of Protected Monument Zone. Therefore, the increasing height and change in styles are discontinuation from original styles and skylines and such kinds of vertical expansion decreases utility of the open spaces leading to reduced values and livability of space. The economic development of the area with various types of shops and commercial organization like banks increasing the viability of area. The site being a commercial hub the different type of economic activity and forms are increasing, emerging the flow of visitors and traffic in site. Rise in the economic activity, vehicular movement escalates, vehicles, street vendors and pedestrians are struggling for space comprising as the size of street and node is same. Street side is also used for vehicular parking and deteriorating the visual environment and disturbing the vehicular and pedestrian traffic flow. In conclusion, transformations are taking place everywhere; it is at the global economic, political and social structures down to the way people fashion their everyday lives. Urban transformation is the changes in the built environment related to the human activity and the occupants in the area and aims to better the social, economic and spatial quality of the cities. This types of progress should not decline the original character and identities of the traditional settlement.

2022-02-01T00:00:00Z